Réaction #487507

Équation de réaction

cAMP

cAMP

cAMP

Serotonin

→

Dopamine

Conditions de réaction

Traitement

1. 1
   Autreproducing a generally positive Hedonic Tone
2. 2
   Températureby increasing Protein Kinase
3. 3
   TempératureA (which increases Ca2 conductance and decreases K+ conductance)
4. 4
   Températureas increased sensitivity toward pain (hyperalgesia)
5. 5
   Températuremaintaining the pain and distress cycle
6. 6
   Autrea result of an adaptive response to pain and distress
7. 7
   Températurethrough Go, (which decreases Ca2+ conductance and increases K+ conductance),
8. 8
   Autreproduces analgesia
9. 9
   Autreresults in chronic pain and hyperalgesia

Mode opératoire

Normal homeostasis maintains an adaptive balance between the Excitatory and Inhibitory Modes in the Bimodally-Acting Opioid Receptors. In the absence of injury or stress, Opioid Receptors are generally in the Inhibitory Mode. Normal levels of Endogenous Opioids, (i.e., endorphins), are homeostatically maintained, producing a generally positive Hedonic Tone, including a sense of calm and well being Normal Acute Pain Acute injury or stress triggers Acute Reflexive Pain Signals mediated by non-opioid systems, leading to the adaptive reflexive experience of immediate pain and distress. Simultaneously, acute injury or stress set Opioid Receptors in the Excitatory Mode and Endogenous Opioids (i.e., endorphins) are released. The Endogenous Opioids bind with the Opioid Receptors, triggering excitatory signaling. Through Gs excitatory signals enhance the release of cAMP, which by increasing Protein Kinase A (which increases Ca2 conductance and decreases K+ conductance), excites Pain-Sensory Neurons, which trigger the sensation of pain as well as increased sensitivity toward pain (hyperalgesia). The increased cAMP also enhances the release of Endogenous Opioids, maintaining the pain and distress cycle, leading to an extended adaptive response to the noxious stimuli. However, as soon as the acute danger is reduced, in part as a result of an adaptive response to pain and distress, the Opioid Receptors are switched to Inhibitory Mode. The Endogenous Opioids then trigger inhibitory signaling and, through Go, (which decreases Ca2+ conductance and increases K+ conductance), inhibit Pain-Sensory Neurons, which triggers reduced sensation of pain and produces analgesia. At the same time, the Opioid Receptor inhibitory signaling, through Gi, inhibits cAMP, which in turn reduces Endogenous Opioids, which tunes down the entire endogenous opioid pain response system, restoring normal homeostatic balance and positive Hedonic Tone. Protracted Excitatory Mode Chronic stress, injury, exogenous opioids, drugs, alcohol, and various medical and genetic factors can set Opioid Receptors in a protracted excitatory mode. In this condition, Endogenous Opioids trigger mostly excitatory signaling, which results in chronic pain and hyperalgesia. Any factor that triggers the release of Endogenous Opioids, including injury or stress and even reward states and various drugs, can potentiate pain. This protracted condition triggers homeostatic processes in related Serotonin, Dopamine, and other neurotransmitter systems, which produces a variety of signs and symptoms of emotional and physical distress. This negative Hedonic Tone state may be reflected by the experience of anxiety, irritability, depression, cravings, addictive tendencies and physical distress, including pain and gastrointestinal symptoms. Protracted opioid receptor excitatory mode conditions are a major component of a wide variety of Distress Dysfunction disorders, syndromes, and symptoms. Unfortunately, typical coping patterns, including the use of drugs and alcohol, perpetuate and exacerbate protracted excitatory signaling and its negative impact on Hedonic Tone. Exogenous Opioids Exogenous Opioid analgesic drugs, such as tramadol, oxycodone, and morphine, clearly have a dramatic impact on the endogenous opioid system. Exogenous Opioids act like Endogenous Opioids, binding with Opioid Receptors, and their impact depends on the mode of the Bimodally-Acting Opioid Receptors. In a balanced system, their impact initially leads to inhibitory signaling, resulting in analgesia and even a sense of well being. However, fairly quickly, this increased inhibitory signaling results in a homeostatic balancing response that includes, through cAMP, a reduction in Endogenous Opioid levels as well as a receptor shift to the Excitatory Mode. Over time, this leads to a protracted excitatory receptor mode and diminished Endogenous Opioid levels, producing chronic pain, hyperalgesia, tolerance, dependence, and addiction as well as emotional and physical distress. These iatrogenic problems are greatly exacerbated when the endogenous opioid system is already in a protracted excitatory mode, resulting more immediately in excitatory signaling, leading to an exacerbation of pain and hyperalgesia, tolerance, as well as negative hedonic mode. Thus, while at times initially therapeutic, Exogenous Opioids can rapidly lead to the development of serious and Distress Dysfunction, even long after the Exogenous Opioids are discontinued. Receptor Switching Agents Opioid Receptor Switchers, including ultra-low-dose and very-low-dose opioid antagonists, such as ultra-low-dose and very-low-dose naltrexone and naloxone, and GM1 ganglioside attenuators, such as neuraminidase inhibitors (e.g., magnesium sulfate and n-acetyl-cysteine), selectively block the Opioid Receptor Excitatory Mode. Therefore, protracted excitatory signaling is eliminated, and inhibitory receptor signaling is enhanced. As a result, when Endogenous Opioids (or Exogenous Opioids) bind with the Opioid Receptor, the result is increased inhibitory signaling, producing analgesia and a sense of well being. These agents have the potential to reverse both acute and protracted excitatory mode imbalances, helping to restore normal homeostatic functioning. However, since protracted excitatory conditions lead to diminished Endogenous Opioids, Receptor Switchers alone may be insufficient to produce analgesia and a sense of well being. Therefore, Receptor Switchers are most effective with co-adminstered with an agent that boosts the level of Endogenous Opioids. Alternatively, by administering a Receptor Switcher with an Exogenous Opioid, excitatory signaling is minimized, resulting in enhanced analgesia as well as a dramatic reduction in protracted excitatory mode conditions, reducing and/or eliminating many of the noxious effects of Exogenous Opioids, including tolerance, dependence, addiction, and other side effects. Cyclic AMP Enhancing Agents Cyclic AMP Enhancers, particularly specific cAMP PDE-4 inhibitors, such as roflumilast, as well as non-specific cAMP PDE Inhibitors, such as theophylline and caffeine, enhance the release of cAMP, which, in turn, enhances the release of Endogenous Opioids (i.e., endorphins). In addition to cAMP PDE inhibitors, less potent cAMP Enhancers include excitatory amino acids, such as glutamic acid. When cAMP Enhancers are administered alone, the resulting increase in cAMP can directly trigger an increase in pain and hyperalgesia. Furthermore, excitatory signaling is likely if Opioid Receptors are set in the protracted excitatory mode and/or if injury or stress is present, resulting in a further increase in pain and hyperalgesia as well as emotional and physical distress. This mechanism explains the typical side effects seen with these agents. However, when co-administered with an agent that switches opioid receptors from an excitatory state to an inhibitory state, Receptor Switchers, the increase in Endogenous Opioids produced by cAMP PDE inhibitors leads to enhanced inhibitory signaling, resulting in analgesia and positive hedonic tone. Therefore, combining a Receptor Switcher and a cAMP Enhancer creates a remarkable non-opioid pharmaceutical formulation for the treatment of a wide variety of Distress Dysfunctions. Moreover, by adding a Receptor Balancer to cAMP PDE inhibitors, such as roflumilast and theophylline, enhanced formulations for the treatment of COPD and asthma are discovered with dramatically reduced side effects and increased pain relief and positive hedonic tone. Synergistic Enhancing Agents A variety of agents have a synergistic effect with the endogenous opioid system through the Gi—mediated metabolic processes that trigger the inhibition of pain-sensory neurons. There is evidence to suggest that higher levels of Gi that are produced by enhanced inhibitory signaling potentiate the pain-relieving effects of non-opioid analgesics, such as NSAIDs and acetaminophen. Therefore, there is a synergistic potentiation produced by the combination of non-opioid analgesics plus Receptor Switchers, such as ultra-low-dose naltrexone and neuraminidase inhibitors, creating a new generation of enhanced non-opioid analgesics. Similarly, synergistic potentiation occurs with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), suggesting increased pain relief as well as calm and well being is produced by the combination of SSRIs and Receptor Switchers. Therefore, a new generation of enhanced SSRIs for depression and anxiety are created by this discovery. In addition to SSRIs, inhibitory serontonergic and adrenergic agents can function as Synergistic Enhancers. Specific amino acids that enhance release of serotonin and dopamine, such as tryptophan and 5HTP, can also act as Synergistic Enhancers in cotreatment formulations. Finally, there is evidence to suggest that ultra-low-dose naltrexone (ULDN) has a synergistic effect through this Gi metabolic process in addition to its function as a Receptor Switcher, making ULDN a particularly powerful agent in all cotreatment formulations. Endogenous Opioid Reuptake Inhibitors Agents, such as DLPA, both enhance the release of Endogenous Opioids as well as block the enzymes that reuptake them, providing an enhanced level of Endogenous Opioids (i.e., endorphins) for longer periods of time. When administered alone, these agents have the potential for increased inhibitory signaling, but may also produce excitatory signaling when injuries or stress are present, as well as when the receptors are set in an excitatory mode. However, when co-administered with agents that switch the receptors from an excitatory to inhibitory mode, Receptor Switchers, these agents are more likely to trigger inhibitory signaling, leading to enhanced and prolonged analgesia and well being. Therefore, DLPA is an excellent agent to complement all cotreatment formulations. Clinical Implications This novel understanding of the Bimodal Opioid Modulation of Pain and Hedonic Tone leads directly to new generation pharmaceutical formulations that are remarkably safe and effective for the treatment of a wide variety of Distress Dysfunctions, including chronic pain, addiction, anxiety, depression, anger, eating disorders, IBS, and other emotional and physical distress disorders. The foundation of this discovery is the power of Receptor Switchers, especially ultra-low-dose naltrexone, in blocking acute and protracted excitatory signaling. Therefore, co-administration of Receptor Switchers with cAMP Enhancing Agents is an excellent formulation for restoring healthy homeostatic balance to the endogenous opioid system, using the body's endorphins to reduce pain as well as emotional and physical distress, restoring positive hedonic tone. In this homeostatic condition, acute reflexive pain is experienced, through non-opioid systems, in response to injury or stress, but quickly is reduced when endorphins trigger inhibitory signaling. The addition of Endorphin Enhancers, such as DLPA, can enhance and prolong these therapeutic benefits. While opioid and non-opioid analgesics can potentiate these therapeutic effects when used in co-treatment with Receptor Switchers (and cAMP and Endorphin Enhancers), the evidence suggests that they can produce serious dysfunctional imbalances in the endogenous opioid system when used alone. Therefore, it is critical to co-administer Receptor Switchers whenever using opioid and non-opioid analgesic drugs in order to maximize their analgesic potency and to reduce noxious side effects including tolerance and dependence produced by protracted excitatory signaling. Finally, a new generation of enhanced anti-depressant and anti-anxiety medications is created by these discoveries by combining Receptor Switchers with SSRIs, which are remarkably effective in creating positive hedonic tone, including calm, well being, and pain relief. The attached figures (with accompanying notes) describe what is believed are the highly complex, subtle and interrelated biochemical, biological and physiological mechanisms underlying the surprising, remarkable, novel and synergistic benefits of the co-treatment formulations set forth in this patent application. The surprising, remarkable, novel and synergistic methods and combinations set forth in the patent application accurately describe the efficacy and utility of these methods and combinations to restore healthy functioning in humans and treat the conditions and disorders in humans as identified and described in this patent application.

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